http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/index.html: "Islam: Empire of Faith"-- information from the PBS film, organized by categories: faith, culture, innovation and profiles.
http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h03is.htm:
"Islam to 680 C.E." by MacroHistory. Includes links to historical maps and
commentary by readers.
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/islam/history/history.htm: "Medieval Islamic History" section by History for Kids. A simple but thorough series of pages on such topics as the Umayyads and the life of Mohammed.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1d.html#Pre-Islamic%20Arabia: section of the "Medieval Sourcebook" on Islam. Includes links to many primary sources.
http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/ScienceMath/Science_and_Math.html: "Science & Mathematics in Medieval Islamic Cultures", with sections divided by discipline.
http://flickr.com/groups/islam/pool/tags/patterns/: Flickr group of photos of Islamic patterns.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6389157.stm: BBC article about the advanced mathematics of patterns in Islamic art.
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-768956312207897325: "When the Moors Ruled in Europe" video (102 minutes).